UGC NET 2026 Library & Information Science Solved Paper – 100% Verified Answers & Detailed Explanations

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STEPS TO ATTEMPT UGC NET 2026 Library & Information Science Solved Paper – 100% Verified Answers & Detailed Explanations

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Welcome to your UGC NET Library Science 2026 Solved Question Paper Held on 2-1-2026 Shift 1

1. 
Which of the following best represents an ethical dilemma during the dissemination phase of the information life cycle?

2. 
In digital libraries, which strategy most effectively addresses the obsolescence risk during the storage phase of the information life cycle?

3. 
Which Section of the Information Technology Act provides conditional safe-harbour immunity to intermediaries?

4. 
Which Section of the Information Technology Act deals with Identity Theft?

5. 
Which of the following is the time limit for providing information under the RTI Act, 2005, when it concerns the life or liberty of a person?

6. 
Choose the correct statements among the following:

  1. Diagnosis of the learners is done in the Interactive stage of teaching.
    B. Feedback and testing of the learners are done in the Post-Active stage of teaching.
    C. Fixing goals and content are done in the Post-Active stage of teaching.
    D. Selection of appropriate testing devices is done in the Post-Active stage of teaching.
    E. Decisions about strategies of teaching are made in the Post-Active stage of teaching.

7. 
Arrange the educational objectives of the cognitive domain from lower-order to higher-order skills.

  1. Evaluation
    B. Synthesis
    C. Analysis
    D. Knowledge
    E. Comprehension

8. 
Match List-I with List-II:

List-I

List-II

A. Concept Mapping

I. Graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge

B. Five E-based Lesson Planning

II. Constructivist Approach

C. Stimulus-response-based Lesson Planning

III. Systematic arrangement of subject matter

D. Unit Plan

IV. Behaviourist Approach

9. 
The SWAYAM was launched in ________.

10. 
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the behaviourist model of teaching?

11. 
Identify the advantages of open-ended questions in survey research

  1. It is easy to process answers.
    B. Respondents can answer in their own terms.
    C. They enhance the comparability of answers.
    D. They are useful for exploring new areas or areas in which the researcher has limited knowledge.

12. 
Match List-I with List-II:

List-I: Non-probability Sampling

List-II: Characteristic

A. Snowball

I. Handpicked cases on the basis of specific suitability

B. Purposive

II. Equivalent of stratified sampling

C. Quota

III. Choosing the nearest individuals to serve as respondents

D. Convenience

IV. Identifying respondents with the help of initial respondents

13. 
Arrange the following intervals of the standard normal variate in increasing order of probabilities

  1. 0 ≤ Z ≤ +1
    B. +1 ≤ Z ≤ +2
    C. +2 ≤ Z ≤ +3
    D. +3 ≤ Z < +∞

14. 
In quantitative research strategy, the principal orientation to the role of theory in relation to research is:

15. 
Whether the results of a study can be generalized beyond the specific research context refers to:

16. 
Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other as Reason R.

Assertion A: The influence of mass media is rarely direct. Reason R: According to Limited Effects theories, media effects are almost always mediated by group membership or relationships.

17. 
Arrange the following in ascending order of the year of appearance, beginning with the oldest:

  1. Radio
    B. Television
    C. Book
    D. Prototypical Newspaper
    E. Film

18. 
Match List-I with List-II:

List-I: Types of Groups in Communication

List-II: Characteristic

A. Primary Group

I. Members interact with one another to benefit an audience

B. Self-help Group

II. Goal is to improve members' skills

C. Learning Group

III. Membership is based on sentiment

D. Public Group

IV. All members have a common problem

19. 
A person who believes that all social, political, economic and cultural change is inevitably based on the development and diffusion of technology is a:

20. 
In everyday conversation, when people make reference to paying attention, planning, forgetting, guessing, daydreaming and so on, they are invoking:

21. 
The incomes of A and B are in the ratio of 3 : 2 and their expenses are in the ratio of 5 : 3. If each of them saves ₹3,000, then A's income is:

22. 
Complete the following series:n582, 581, 585, 576, 592, 567, ?

23. 
Arrange the following fractions in descending order:

A. 9/11
B. 8/9
C. 4/7
D. 3/5
E. 8/15

24. 
Identify the correct mathematical statements:

A. A batsman makes a score of 87 runs in the 17th inning and thus increases his average by 3. Then his average after the 17th inning is 36.
B. The value of a number subtracted from the numerator and denominator of the fraction 6/7 to get a fraction equal to 3/4 is 3.
C. If 15% of 40 is greater than 25% of a number by 2, then the number is 16.
D. The value of
(1 + 1/2)(1 + 1/3)(1 + 1/4) ... (1 + 1/120) is 60.5.

25. 
Match List-I with List-II:

List-I

Word

List-II

Code

A

CRAB

I

32

B

BARK

II

49

C

OVER

III

24

D

SING

IV

60

26. 
"Sound is eternal because it is caused" commits which fallacy (Hetvabhasa)?

27. 
Match List-I with List-II:

List-I: Source of Knowledge

List-II: Accepted by

A. Yogaja Pratyaksa

I. Vedantins

B. Kevalajnana

II. Carvaka

C. Only Pratyaksa

III. Jaina

D. Aparoksanubhuti

IV. Nyaya

28. 
Assertion and Reason

Assertion (A) : Validity can never apply to any single proposition by itself. Reason (R): Validity and invalidity are attributes of arguments.

29. 
Which of the following are TRUE?

A. For the Nyaya, knowledge of Abhava is acquired through Anupalabdhi Pramana.
B. The Nyaya makes a distinction between Laukika and Alaukika Pratyaksa.
C. The Nyaya reduces Arthapatti to Anumana.
D. The Nyaya accepts the validity of Upamana as a Pramana.

30. 
Which of the following are TRUE?

A. For the Carvaka, Pratyaksa is the only Pramana.
B. For the Carvaka, Sabda is the only Pramana.
C. For the Carvaka, Anumana is not a Pramana.
D. For the Jaina, Mati includes both perceptual and inferential knowledge.

31. 
USB stands for:

32. 
Which of the following is NOT a programming language?

33. 
Match List-I with List-II:

List-I

List-II

A. Keyboard

I. Memory

B. Monitor

II. Processor

C. CPU

III. Output Device

D. ROM

IV. Input Device

34. 
Which of the following memories/storage devices are volatile?

  1. RAM
    B. ROM
    C. Cache
    D. SSD
    E. HDD

35. 
Arrange the following operating systems in the correct chronological order of their development:

  1. Linux
    B. MS-DOS
    C. MAC OS
    D. Windows

36. 
Assertion (A): Reason

Assertion (A): Eutrophication leads to depletion of dissolved oxygen in a lake. Reason (R): Dissolved oxygen in water decreases with an increase in temperature.

37. 
Arrange the following in ascending order of their moisture content:

  1. Trash
    B. Rubbish
    C. Refuse
    D. Garbage

38. 
Match List-I with List-II:

List-I: Convention/Protocol

List-II: Related With

A. Montreal Protocol

I. Global Warming

B. Stockholm Convention

II. Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste

C. Kyoto Protocol

III. Ozone Layer Depletion

D. Basel Convention

IV. Persistent Organic Pollutants

39. 
Which of the following renewable energy resources contributes the highest proportion to the total installed power capacity in India?

40. 
Black-foot disease is caused by the contamination of ______ in drinking water.

41. 
Which education policy first recommended 6% of GDP as public expenditure on education in India?

42. 
National Education Policy 2020 has entrusted which organization with the responsibility of setting standards for content, technology and pedagogy for online/digital teaching-learning?

43. 
Assertion (A): Reason

Assertion (A): Higher Education Institutions in the country with appropriate credit transfer mechanisms are facilitating students to enrol themselves in pre-designed academic programmes.
Reason (R): Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) works on the principle of multiple entry-multiple exit as well as anytime, anywhere and any-level learning.

44. 
Arrange the following phrases from the Vision of National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 in the correct sequence of their appearance:

  1. A conscious awareness of one's roles and responsibilities in a changing world
    B. An education system rooted in Indian ethos
    C. Developing a deep sense of respect towards the fundamental duties and constitutional values
    D. Transforming Bharat into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society
    E. Instilling among learners a deep-rooted pride in being Indian

45. 
Match List-I with List-II

List-I: Body under HECI

List-II: Function

A. NHERC

I. Accreditation of Higher Education Institutions

B. NAAC

II. Single-point regulator for Higher Education Sector

C. HEGC

III. Formulating a Higher Education Qualification Framework

D. GEC

IV. Funding and Financing of Higher Education

46. 
Comprehension Questions (46–50) Read the Passage The passage discusses Kautilya's Arthasastra (Treatise on Politics) and its approach towards the concept of law. The main idea is that Kautilya did not reduce all laws into the single concept of Dharma. Instead, he recognized the plurality of laws. ________________________________________ In simple terms, the first line of the given passage means:

47. 
Comprehension Questions (46–50) Read the Passage The passage discusses Kautilya's Arthasastra (Treatise on Politics) and its approach towards the concept of law. The main idea is that Kautilya did not reduce all laws into the single concept of Dharma. Instead, he recognized the plurality of laws. ________________________________________ The work of Kautilya is significant because:

48. 
Comprehension Questions (46–50) Read the Passage The passage discusses Kautilya's Arthasastra (Treatise on Politics) and its approach towards the concept of law. The main idea is that Kautilya did not reduce all laws into the single concept of Dharma. Instead, he recognized the plurality of laws. ________________________________________ The word "comprehensive" in the passage can be replaced by:

49. 
Comprehension Questions (46–50) Read the Passage The passage discusses Kautilya's Arthasastra (Treatise on Politics) and its approach towards the concept of law. The main idea is that Kautilya did not reduce all laws into the single concept of Dharma. Instead, he recognized the plurality of laws. ________________________________________ The passage states that Kautilya "makes no attempt to reduce the variety of laws within society to the single category of dharma". This demonstrates his argument for the ______ of law.

50. 
Comprehension Questions (46–50) Read the Passage The passage discusses Kautilya's Arthasastra (Treatise on Politics) and its approach towards the concept of law. The main idea is that Kautilya did not reduce all laws into the single concept of Dharma. Instead, he recognized the plurality of laws. ________________________________________ Which of the following is concerned primarily with jurisprudential reflection according to the Brahmanical scholastic tradition?

51. 
Which of the following best represents an ethical dilemma during the dissemination phase of the information life cycle?

52. 
In digital libraries, which strategy most effectively addresses the obsolescence risk during the storage phase of the information life cycle?

53. 
Which Section of the Information Technology Act provides conditional safe-harbour immunity to intermediaries?

54. 
Which Section of the Information Technology Act deals with Identity Theft?

55. 
Which of the following is the time limit for providing information under the RTI Act, 2005, when it concerns the life or liberty of a person?

56. 
Which association is responsible for publishing the Library Bill of Rights?

57. 
The Multicultural Library Manifesto was primarily developed by:

58. 
Who were the founders of Frontiers?

59. 
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature was brought out by:

60. 
How many volumes did the 1st edition of the Imperial Gazetteer of India contain?

61. 
“Edanz” service is associated with which publisher?

62. 
Who among the following blamed Web 2.0 for creating a digital forest of mediocrity, embarrassing music, and unreadable poems, essays, and novels?

63. 
The acronym “SLATES”, used by Andrew McAfee to describe the features of Web 2.0 websites, stands for:

64. 
Fac-Back-OPAC was developed by:

65. 
Which Part/Section of Colon Classification, 6th Revised Edition, is Enumerative?

66. 
Which of the following is a disadvantage specific to Pre-Coordinate Systems compared to Post-Coordinate Systems?

67. 
As per Colon Classification, which of the following Main Classes have only Levels and No Rounds?

68. 
The ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards is primarily related to:

69. 
The acronym MUSTIE, used in academic libraries for weeding, stands for:

70. 
The three components of Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory of Motivation are:

71. 
The Quality Trilogy Process focusing on Planning, Control and Improvement was given by:

72. 
As per the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) guidelines on Information Security Practices for Government Entities, within how many hours must a cybersecurity incident be reported to CERT-In?

73. 
The ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) provides two 64 Kbps B channels and one 16 Kbps D channel. The B channels are used for:

74. 
Within the context of HTTP, which statement most accurately reflects the analytical distinction between cookies and cache?

75. 
The PMB Integrated Library Management System (ILMS) was launched by:

76. 
When implementing RFID in libraries, which frequency band is most commonly used?

77. 
e-Granthalaya 4.0 was developed using an ASP.NET 4.0 front-end with AJAX, JQUERY, and JSON, and ______ at the back-end.

78. 
Who is recognized as the first person to introduce the idea of canonicalization?

79. 
Which compression protocol is considered a lossless method for bitonal images?

80. 
AIFF (.aif, .aiff, .aifc) file format is mainly used for:

81. 
In a client-server digital library architecture, what is a key function of the server?

82. 
Jean Piaget gave his theory of Cognitive Development of Humans on the basis of his:

83. 
Using an appropriate parametric test in a research project, the researcher finds evidence to reject the Null Hypothesis. In doing so, what is likely to happen?

84. 
A Normal Probability Curve should be:

85. 
The research approach of Max Weber, used to understand how people create meanings in natural settings, is identified as:

86. 
In which of the following research methods is the independent variable selected rather than manipulated?

87. 
To test a Null Hypothesis, a researcher uses ________.

88. 
The Charter Act, considered an important landmark in the context of academic libraries, was enacted in which year?

89. 
WAI-ARIA, which makes web content accessible to people with disabilities, is approved by:

90. 
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) came into force in:

91. 
Assertion (A): Reason

Assertion (A): Academic Social Networking (ASN) sites are promoting scholarly communication and facilitate communities to share, connect, and collaborate, both nationally and globally.
Reason (R): Unlike other social networking platforms, ASN sites are enhancing research funding opportunities for researchers.

92. 
Assertion (A): Reason

Assertion (A) POPSI depends on classification schedules to derive terms.
Reason (R): Because it follows the same chain-building process as Chain Indexing.

93. 
Assertion (A): Reason (R):

Assertion (A): Taxonomies provide higher semantic precision than folksonomies. Reason (R): They are developed through formal term governance and strict hierarchical relationships.

94. 
Assertion (A): Reason (R):

Assertion (A): RDF and RDFS are essential tools for building ontologies in the Semantic Web. Reason (R): RDF provides a framework for describing resources, while RDFS extends RDF with vocabulary for defining classes and properties.

95. 
Assertion (A): Reason (R):

Assertion (A): During network communication, when an attacker is eavesdropping, it is referred to as sniffing or snooping. This kind of eavesdropping is a major security problem faced by network administrators. Reason (R): Eavesdropping can be avoided by using strong encryption services based on cryptography.

96. 
Assertion (A): Reason (R):

Assertion (A): RSS (Really Simple Syndication) uses XML files that automatically update information from websites.

Reason (R): An RSS feed reader fetches these XML files and converts them into an easy-to-read format, showing headlines, summaries and update notices with links back to the original articles.

97. 
Assertion (A): Reason (R):

Assertion (A): Web 2.0, known as the “read-write” web, introduced interactive and collaborative platforms; its tools and techniques were selectively adopted by libraries, giving rise to the concept of Library 2.0.

Reason (R): Semantic Web is one of the important features of Web 2.0.

98. 
Assertion (A):Reason (R):

Assertion (A) Performance measurement in libraries is limited to cost accounting and does not assess progress toward goals or user impact.

Reason (R): Evaluation in libraries judges the worth or utility of services for target users and helps improve efficiency, quality, timeliness and productivity relative to costs.

99. 
Assertion (A):Reason (R):

Assertion (A) Data must be authentic before it can be of any value in historical research, yet proof of authenticity does not establish its value; it must also be accurate.

Reason (R): External criticism is therefore referred to as lower criticism of the data.

100. 
Assertion (A): Reason (R):

Assertion (A): A cross break is a numerical tabular presentation of data, usually in frequency or percentage form, in which variables are cross-partitioned to study relations between them.
Reason (R): The categories are set up according to the research hypothesis.

101. 
Arrange the following major committees/commissions according to their chronological order of establishment:

  1. Sankaran Committee on Health Science Libraries
    B. UGC Library Committee (Ranganathan)
    C. Advisory Committee for Libraries (Sinha Committee)
    D. D.P. Chattopadhyaya Committee on NAPLIS
    E. Bhore Committee on Medical Libraries

102. 
Arrange the steps in producing rotated entries in PRECIS correctly:

  1. Generate secondary entries by rotating the lead term
    B. Maintain original word order in all entries
    C. Display entries in alphabetical order
    D. Choose main entry based on role indicator
    E. Link rotated entries back to the main entry

103. 
Arrange the following Open Access Initiatives/Policy Statements according to the year of their adoption/declaration at the international level:

  1. The Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions
    B. The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
    C. The Budapest Open Access Initiative
    D. Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
    E. Scottish Open Education Declaration

104. 
Arrange the following ISBN elements in their correct sequence:

  1. Registrant element
    B. Prefix element
    C. Check digit
    D. Publication element
    E. Registration group element

105. 
Arrange the steps of the scientific research process in their most logical and systematic order:

  1. Formulation of testable hypotheses based on research gaps
    B. Conducting a comprehensive literature review to understand the background
    C. Preparing and presenting the research report with findings and recommendations
    D. Defining the research problem clearly and precisely
    E. Collecting high-quality data according to the research design
  2.  

106. 
Arrange the following key Citation Indexes of Web of Science in their chronological order of introduction:

  1. Science Citation Index (SCI)
    B. Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE)
    C. Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI)
    D. Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)
    E. Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

107. 
Arrange the following stages of the reference interview in the correct sequence:

  1. Discussing and Clarifying the Question
    B. Establishing Rapport with the User
    C. Developing Strategy for Successful Search
    D. Finding the Information and Evaluating it
    E. Follow-up

108. 
In the context of Change Management, arrange the Five Stages of Grief introduced by Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in 1969 in the correct order:

  1. Depression
    B. Denial
    C. Acceptance
    D. Anger
    E. Bargaining

109. 
Arrange the following Six Sigma stages in the correct sequence:

  1. Control
    B. Measure
    C. Define
    D. Improve
    E. Analyse

110. 
Arrange the following steps of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in logical sequence:

  1. Testing and Debugging
    B. System Design
    C. Requirements Analysis
    D. Implementation/Coding
    E. Maintenance

111. 
Arrange these technologies by their reading range capability (shortest to longest):

  1. Barcode
    B. QR Code
    C. NFC
    D. RFID
    E. Biometric Scanner

112. 
Arrange the following digital repositories/resources in order of their establishment:

  1. ScienceOpen
    B. NDLTD (Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations)
    C. SSRN (Social Science Research Network)
    D. HathiTrust Digital Library
    E. DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)

113. 
Arrange the following steps of Chain Indexing in their correct sequence:

  1. Select links and isolates from the chain
    B. Derive the chain of terms from the class number
    C. Identify the class number of the document
    D. Arrange the headings in alphabetical order for the index
    E. Prepare subject heading entries (Main, Subordinate, Coordinate)

114. 
Which of the following statements correctly describe features of Geographical Indications (GIs)?

  1. GIs are owned by an individual inventor.
    B. GIs identify goods as originating from a specific territory.
    C. GIs protect technological innovation and invention.
    D. GIs are linked to qualities/characteristics due to geographical origin.
    E. GIs can be renewed indefinitely after registration.

115. 
What is the primary objective of the Listing of Open Access Databases (LOADB)?

  1. To create a single portal of web-enabled, linked databases
    B. To curate a collection of subscription-based databases using an A-to-Z list
    C. To classify and categorize Open Access Databases
    D. To provide access to customised Institutional Repository Databases
    E. To assess the use of Open Access Databases

116. 
Commercial Web Syndication can be categorized by:

  1. Mirror of the whole scientific content
    B. Business models
    C. Types of content
    D. Purpose of content
    E. Methods for selecting distribution partners

117. 
Which of the following statements are true for Control Fields (00X) in MARC?

  1. They are Fixed-Length Fields.
    B. They use Indicators to provide Field-Specific Meaning.
    C. They contain Coded Data Elements.
    D. They are always Repeatable.
    E. They do not contain Subfield Codes.

118. 
CeCILL Free Software License Agreement was initiated by:

  1. CEA (Atomic Energy Commission)
    B. CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research)
    C. NIACL (National Institute of Advanced Computing and Logic)
    D. INRIA (National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology)
    E. RID (Research Institute for Development)

119. 
DRIDE (Digital Repository of Information and Data for Evolution) advocates for community-adopted standards for metadata and persistent identifiers in concert with:

  1. DataCite
    B. ORCID
    C. ROR
    D. arXiv
    E. Funder Registry

120. 
Select the correct combinations:

  1. Central Tendency — Mean
    B. Regression Curve — Hypothesis
    C. Refinement of Judgement — Delphi Method
    D. Absolute Zero Point — Likert Scale
    E. Descriptive Statistics — Median

121. 
Which of the following are features of the Qualitative Research Paradigm?

  1. The research is concerned with understanding social phenomena from the participant's perspective.
  2. It seeks to establish relationships among variables and explains the causes of changes in measured social facts.
  3. It is conducted in actual settings as the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument.
  4. It is concerned with the process rather than simply with outcomes or products.
  5. It attempts to establish universal context-free generalization.

122. 
What encoding schemes does Unicode use to represent characters?

  1. UTF-8
    B. UTF-16
    C. UTF-32
    D. UTF-64
    E. UTF-128

123. 
Which of the following are considered “Soft” elements in the McKinsey 7S Model?

  1. Shared Values
    B. Skills
    C. System
    D. Staff
    E. Strategy

124. 
Match List I (Discipline) with List II (Contribution to Information Science)

List I – Discipline

List II – Contribution

A. Cognitive Psychology

I. Information Theory and Transmission Models

B. Communication Engineering

II. User-centred Design and Usability

C. Linguistics

III. Information-seeking Behaviour Models

D. Human-Computer Interaction

IV. Natural Language Processing and Indexing

125. 
Match List I (Databases) with List II (Publisher)

List I – Database

List II – Publisher

A. The Serials Directory

I. EBSCO

B. Ebrary

II. Clarivate

C. ScienceDirect

III. Elsevier

D. Current Contents Connect

IV. ProQuest

126. 
Match the Terms in List I with Descriptions in List II

List I – Terms

List II – Descriptions

A. Intersubjectivity

I. Occurring between or among two or more subjects or conscious minds

B. Insider / Outsider Perspective

II. The theory of how the inquiry should proceed

C. Participatory Action Research

III. Research that places importance on the politics and power of knowledge production and use

D. Methodology

IV. One way of thinking about the difference in the epistemologies of hermeneutics and naturalism

127. 
Match the Terms in List I with Descriptions in List II

List I – Terms

List II – Descriptions

A. Interval / Ratio

I. Variables containing data that have only two categories

B. Ordinal

II. Variables whose categories cannot be rank ordered

C. Nominal

III. Variables where distances between categories are identical across the range

D. Dichotomous

IV. Variables whose categories can be rank ordered, but distances between categories are not equal

128. 
Match List I (Authors) with List II (Concepts/Ideas)

List I – Authors

List II – Concepts/Ideas

A. George Marcus

I. Social organism

B. Clifford Geertz

II. Ethnography as writing or thick description

C. Bronislaw Malinowski

III. Intensive fieldwork associated with participant observation

D. Durkheim

IV. Multi-sited ethnography

129. 
Match List I (Books) with List II (Authors)

List I – Books

List II – Authors

A. The Changing Academic Library

I. Jose-Marie Griffiths

B. Planning Public Library Building

II. John Budd

C. Introduction to Public Librarianship

III. Michael Dewe

D. Special Libraries

IV. Kathleen de la Peña McCook

130. 
Match List I (Research Methods) with List II (Descriptions)

List I – Terms

List II – Descriptions

A. Experimental Method

I. Studies designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena

B. Ex-post Facto Method

II. Detailed description of the way people believe and act in a particular society

C. Descriptive Survey Method

III. Studying the effect of manipulating an independent variable on a dependent variable under appropriate control

D. Ethnographic Method

IV. Conducting a probe into causal factors on the basis of evidence after the event has occurred

131. 
Match List I (Health Information Products/Standards) with List II (Description)

List I – Information Products

List II – Description

A. Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)

I. Provides normalized names for clinical drugs

B. Value Set Authority Center (VSAC)

II. A set of files and software bringing together many health and biomedical standards

C. RxNorm

III. A designated standard for electronic exchange of clinical health information

D. SNOMED CT

IV. Repository and management tool for standard lists of codes and terms from biomedical vocabularies

132. 
Match List I (OSI Layers) with List II (Protocol/Technology)

List I – OSI Layers

List II – Protocol/Technology

A. Physical Layer

I. DNS

B. Network Layer

II. PPTP

C. Session Layer

III. Fibre Optics

D. Application Layer

IV. ICMP

133. 
Match List I (ISDN Standards) with List II (Interfaces)

List I – ISDN Standards

List II – Interfaces

A. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

I. They are not part of ISDN interfaces

B. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

II. Extension of ISDN offering Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

C. BISDN

III. High-capacity ISDN interface providing 23 B channels plus one 64 kbps D channel

D. ADSL and UARI

IV. Standard ISDN interface providing two 64 kbps channels for voice and data transmission

134. 
Match List I (Programming Languages) with List II (Propounders)

List I – Programming Language

List II – Propounder

A. Perl

I. Dennis Ritchie

B. C

II. Bjarne Stroustrup

C. Python

III. Larry Wall

D. C++

IV. Guido van Rossum

135. 
Match List I (Digital Library Projects) with List II (Initiators)

List I – Digital Library Project

List II – Initiators

A. Citebase

I. DARPA and NSF

B. eScholarship Repository

II. National Center for Biotechnology Information

C. PubMed

III. California Digital Library

D. NCSTRL

IV. Southampton University

136. 
Match List I (Major GNU/Linux Distributions) with List II (Year of Release)

List I – GNU/Linux OS

List II – Year

A. Debian

I. 2000

B. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server

II. 1993

C. Ubuntu

III. 2003

D. Fedora

IV. 2004

137. 
Match List I (Semantic Web Technologies) with List II (Purpose)

List I – Web Technologies

List II – Purpose

A. RDF

I. Ontology Definition Language

B. RDFS

II. Resource Description Framework

C. OWL

III. Query Language for RDF

D. SPARQL

IV. Schema Definition for RDF

138. 
According to the passage, what is the primary advantage of Chatbots in library services?

Read the following passage and answer the questions: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has reshaped information retrieval in libraries by enabling faster, more accurate, and context-aware access to resources. Traditional systems relied heavily on Boolean logic, keyword matching, and subject indexing, often demanding strong search skills. In contrast, AI-driven tools use Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and semantic search to interpret user intent and retrieve results that match the user\'s context. For instance, instead of listing thousands of items for a term like “digital preservation,” AI systems can identify whether the user needs theoretical insights, technological solutions, or case studies and prioritise accordingly. Chatbots and Virtual Reference Services (VRS) represent another major advancement. Earlier reference services were limited by staff availability and slower response times. AI-enabled chatbots now provide 24/7 scalable support, assisting users with catalogue navigation, database searching, and citation queries. Enhanced VRS also include voice-enabled interaction, multilingual help, and links to institutional repositories and e-learning platforms, expanding access for remote and diverse users. However, AI adoption introduces challenges. Ethical concerns include data privacy, dependence on automated systems, and algorithmic bias, which may unintentionally suppress unconventional research areas if tools are trained on mainstream datasets. Additionally, chatbots, despite their efficiency, cannot replicate human empathy, judgement, or critical thinking, making a hybrid approach that blends AI with human expertise the most sustainable model. For LIS professionals, integrating AI demands new competencies. Librarians must develop skills in digital ethics, algorithmic transparency, and data analytics while ensuring that AI tools are critically assessed. Their role increasingly includes evaluating AI systems to ensure they align with educational goals, rather than purely commercial interests. Balancing human expertise with AI capabilities remains central to ensuring equitable and meaningful access.

139. 
Which scenario illustrates a potential ethical risk of AI-driven retrieval in libraries?

140. 
What approach does the passage consider most sustainable for library services?

141. 
According to the passage, Chatbots cannot replicate which essential human quality?

142. 
What key responsibility of librarians is emphasized in relation to AI tools?

143. 
According to the passage, how has the scope of Information Literacy evolved in the digital age?

Read the following passage and answer the questions:In the 21st century, Information Literacy (IL) has expanded from basic library search skills to a broad framework essential for academic success, research integrity, and lifelong learning. UNESCO defines IL as the ability to recognise when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use information effectively.This foundational cycle remains relevant even as IL now incorporates media, digital, and data literacies, reflecting the interconnected nature of today\'s information environment.The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) reshaped IL through its Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education (2015). Moving beyond rigid \"standards,\" it introduced six conceptual \"frames,\" such as “Authority is Constructed and Contextual” and “Searching as Strategic Exploration.” These frames encourage deeper critical engagement with information sources and help learners navigate challenges like misinformation, disinformation, and algorithmic bias.IL intersects closely with media literacy, which promotes the critical evaluation of messages across media platforms; digital literacy, which emphasises effective use of digital tools; and data literacy, which focuses on interpreting, analysing, and ethically using data. Together, these literacies enable learners to question credibility, context, and potential manipulation.Ethics remains central to IL. Issues such as plagiarism, improper attribution, and misuse of data highlight the need for students to understand citation practices and intellectual property rights. Librarians play a key instructional role, designing IL programs that balance technical skills with responsible scholarship.IL education increasingly interacts with AI. Tools like ChatGPT and AI-driven discovery systems support research but also raise concerns about accuracy and transparency. Librarians must therefore help students critically evaluate AI outputs, verify information, and distinguish between authoritative sources and machine-generated content, placing IL at the forefront of human–AI collaboration.

144. 
Why is UNESCO's definition of Information Literacy still relevant despite the rise of media and data literacies?

145. 
What major shift did the ACRL Framework introduce?

146. 
Why is Data Literacy (DL) considered a crucial complement to Information Literacy (IL) today?

147. 
Why does the integration of AI tools like ChatGPT into IL education require a shift in librarians' roles?

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